Developing an Inclusive Education in South Africa

Developing an Inclusive Education in South Africa Introduction. What is inclusion? The foundation for a comprehensive understanding of inclusion have been laid by considering insights derived from United Nations initiatives, international experiences, research and debate in the field of inclusion. Different authors emphasise different aspects when defining inclusion and that makes it clear that inclusion is viewed differently (Dyson Millward 1999:152). Other authors stress access, belonging and participation in the general classroom for all learners with an underlying culture that values diversity. The following are at the sea inclusion is: Increasing participation by the reducing exclusions from curricula, culture and communities. Ainscow (1995:9) Premised out the understanding that learners can contribute one anothers learning. Ainscow (1995:149) Determined by school culture and ethos. Hall (2002:3). Learners who experience barriers to learning attending the neighbourhood schools and being taught in general education classroom. CSIE (2000:12) Initiated an entrenched by legislation and policy. Burden (2000:36) On the other hand, the authors stress support and define inclusion in terms of the ways in which support is facilitated at various levels, and say inclusion is: Dependent on training in requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes. Hall Engelbrecht (1999:231) Dependent on teachers who can would be five-year plans and activities. Ainscow (1995:151) Characterised by collegial stuffed in relationships. Ainscow (1995:151) About diverse learners requiring diverse in even individualised learning strategies. Ferguson Ferguson (1998:307) The examples given above indicate that the two emphases need to be maintained when seeking in comprehensive understanding of inclusion. First is that of school restructuring and improvement towards effectiveness and the second is that of a ensuring access through individually relevant support. Both are supported by the belief and attitudes that would characterise inclusive culture and art and trying to buy policy and legislation. Inclusive education in South Africa Education that was based on race in South Africa was dismantled and substituted by unitary that needed to contribute to building the rainbow nation, as such the separate education system for those learners who were deemed to have special needs was revisited with a view of creating an inclusive approach to education. The legislative framework in which inclusion functions in South Africa is mentioned with specific reference given to education. White Paper Six: Special Needs Education (DoE 2001). It is acknowledged that the field of education encompasses many aspects, including higher education and training, edit childhood education and adult basic education and training the focus in this study is on schooling in areas known as general and further education. In South Africa these are called GET (General Education and Training) Band and the FET (Further Education and Training) Band. An appreciation of the historical, social, political and economic context in which education functions is important to an understanding of the education in a country. Booth and Ainscow affirm this. They conducted a comparative international study on inclusion, they asked questions on what is needed to know about local and national context in order to understand the process of inclusion in any particular country. The apartheid era and post-apartheid Before 1994 in South Africa, education and schools in particular had been the locus of important struggle against apartheid. In 1976 there were uprisings especially in Johannesburg now Gauteng against the use of Afrikaans (modified form of Dutch spoken in South Africa) is a medium of instruction and then followed the 1980 boycotts. Different race groups had different education departments, and white education was administered by provincial education departments. Past racial imbalances meant that education was not equally funded across all racial groups. The inequitable division of resources also meant that some schools were highly resourced than others (model C schools as they were known then) served a very small percentage of learners and separate special schools served mainly white children waiting to have special needs. Since 1994 education is centralised, that is, it is controlled by a single national education department. Special education system was inherited from the apartheid era, which was not that equally developed for all races. The result was that special schools and classes have been well established and resourced to serve white to some extend Coloureds and Indians learners living with disabilities. Many white learners were taught in specially designed classrooms. The majority of black learners were served by education departments that did not provide quality special education services. Schools that were established for black learners who experienced areas to learning were not established by the state, but by churches. The small house below next the red bricks house which was the home was built by my grandfather and the Department of Education requested to use it in 1967 for sub A learners: Consequently, these learners were included in the general system by default, but did not benefit from the support that is necessary in an inclusive system. In the 1990s it was only then that the remedial teaching was offered to blacks to a limited extent in black schools (Nkabinde 1993:110 to 111). As a result barrier to learning went unrecognised and were not addressed and learners experienced repeated failure and eventually dropped out of school (Donald Lazarus 2002:297). There were and still are learners who, because of barriers to learning they experience, do not attend school (Pendlebury Enslin 2004:45) Inclusion supported by legislative and policy framework. The Constitution of South Africa affirms the fundamental principles that are foundational to inclusive education. These principles are of human dignity, equality and advancement of human rights (Republic of South Africa (RSA), 1996 a, Section 1, a), freedom from discrimination (RSA 1996 a, Section 9 (4) and a fundamental right to basic education RSA 1996 a, section 29 (1). The right to education is given legislative expression in the South African Schools Act (SASA). South African Schools Act (SASA) was enacted in 1996, and sets uniform norms and standards for the education of learners at schools. (Preamble SASA, RSA 1996 b). It makes allowance for an inclusive education system in South Africa through the following provisions: Public schools must admit learners and serve the educational requirements† without discrimination (Section 5 (1) ). Not admission test may be used to determine the admission of the learner to a public school (Section 5 (2) ). Where learners have â€Å"special education needs†, the rise in the wishes of the parents must be taken into account when determining the placement. Where it is â€Å"reasonably practicable learners with special education needs should be served in the mainstream and relevant support should be provided for these learners (Section 12 (4) ). Physical, and many these at public schools should be made accessible to disabled learners (Section 12 (5) ) The year that SASA was promulgated, The National Committee for Education Support Services and National Commission of Special Needs Education and Training (NCESS/NCENET) were appointed by the Minister of Education (Prof Bengu then) and the Department of Education to investigate and make recommendations about special needs and support in education in South Africa. The NCESS/NCSNET report recommended that separate special and ordinary education systems be integrated (DoE 1997:155). Some of the ways that the committee saw these being realised, like building modification curriculum development would be included in the education. White Paper Six: Special Needs Education, thereafter referred to as White Paper, published in 2001. The White Paper emanated from the need to respond to the fact that learners with different learning needs were not satisfactorily included in the South African education system. It was found that a small number of schools only served learners rule had been medically diagnosed as disabled and those who experienced difficulties due to other factors like abject poverty found themselves without the necessary support. The White Paper estimates that at the time of publication only 20% of learners with disabilities were included in the special schools and there was also, disparity among the provinces. The white paper was published after a consultative process and outlines and national strategy to include and accommodate those barriers to learning. The following where the principles of the White Paper: All children and young people can learn and need support Difference, including different learning needs, is valued as part of human experience. Education can be enabled to meet the needs of all learners. The home and community form an important source of learning. Attitudes, behaviour and teaching methodologies will have to change to meet the needs of learners. Participation of learners in the educational process should be maximised. The individual strengths of learners should be encouraged. An inclusive education system acknowledges the different levels of support required by different learners and should be organised to provide this. The following strategies were to be followed: improve special schools and convert them into resource centres; Convert about 500 primary schools to be full-service schools that are capable of responding to the full range of learning needs; Introduce management and teachers in the mainstream schools to the inclusion model, with a focus on any intervention in the Foundation Phase (grades R-3); The establishment of district-based support teams (DSTs) to provide support services; The implementation of an interaction programme to support inclusion; A funding strategy to be developed. The White Paper addresses extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to learning, with a particular focus on ways in which the education system may be itself a barrier to learning. There are also factors which become apparent and have an influence on the learning of learners. These factors may include in adequate shelter and nutrition. Hall (2002:34). Intrinsic barrier include various impairments like intellectual ability. The White Paper details the framework for establishing an inclusive education and training system through capacity building and the expulsion of provision and access in all education sectors. In considering financial challenges that are involved the White Paper outlines funding strategy that includes national and provincial spending and mobilisation of donor funding. Building an inclusive education and training is a 20 year developmental goal and short, medium and long-term strategies are described that will address barriers to learning and accommodate diverse learning needs in South Africa. The White Paper outlines South Africa with developments in inclusive education internationally and draws on the foundation laid by the United Nations initiatives and in particular, the Salamanca Statement. The Salamanca Statement and the White Paper The White Paper has included many of the key recommendations of the Salamanca Statement of 1994 and in this way. South Africa can be seen to be pursuing policies, congruent with international trends. The following are Salamanca Statement for governments to give attention to: early identification and intervention when barriers to learning are experienced, the importance of the participation of parents and the need for teacher education to meet the needs of inclusive classrooms UNESCO (1994: I X). All these are included in the strategic plan outlined in the White Paper. Consistent with the Salamanca Statements advice that developing countries should build inclusive schools, rather than try to expand a separate special as a cost-effective way of expanding access, the White Paper describes the conversion of some existing schools into full-service schools that can with the support of DSTs and neighbouring special schools, several learners with diverse learning needs. It is envisaged that these full service schools will be able to accommodate children living with mild and moderate disabilities were currently out of school. The Salamanca Statement sees a special schools having a role to play, not only in educating a small number of learners who cannot be satisfactorily served in ordinary schools but also as a resource centre that can provide inclusive schools with a valuable human and material resources. The White Paper embraced this and foresees that, after an audit of special schools, they will be upgraded to improve the quality of the education they provide for learners with high support needs and will be converted into resource centres. The White Paper reflects the thinking of researchers and theorists in the field of special needs education. The White Paper echoes positions taken from the writing of Ainscow (1995) Booth and Ainscow (1998) and Ballard (1999). The term barriers to learning in the White Paper it also appears in The Index for Inclusion, published by the Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE) in 2000. The CSIE uses the term barriers to learning and participation. Inclusion is more than ensuring that learners with various barriers to learning are taught in regular classrooms. It is also about these learners being accepted and having a sense of belonging within the school and the community. Mordal Stromstad (1998:16) ask in this regard, †¦ Is this child surely included as if full member of the community, or have we only made a superficial adaptations which leave the child just as isolated as in a special class or special school? There is prove that the White Paper does not take participation as part of an inclusive system (DoE 2001 a: 16) and yet has chosen to stress the learning needs and barriers to learning. The White Paper could be criticised by those who advocate for a full inclusion approach to inclusion. They abstain from any notion of separate special schools, and their position is that all children irrespective of the severity of their disabilities could be educated in regular classrooms together with their non- disabled peers. The contend of that as long as special schools exist, there will be the assumption that there are some children who cannot be taught in regular classrooms and exclusion will be justified. Van Rooyen La Grange (2003 154) for his critique of the White Paper as the irony of the conditional acceptance of inclusion, noting the conditions that learners have to meet in order to be included in either ordinarily, full-service or special schools. The White Paper only claims an outline (DoE 2001:5). For an inclusive education system and many questions that the White Paper arises are perhaps details that are outside its scope. Practical concerns and many for example it has been noted that some provinces (and we have nine provinces in South Africa) have very few special schools (DoE 2001:30) and yet special schools are conceived as an integral part to the support that full-service school will need. I think in South Africa time will tell whether timeframes envisaged by the White Paper are realistic and whether enough funds can be generated from sources described to implement an inclusive education system. Other publication for schools that are not directly concerned with inclusion and in close of principles integrated into the content. For example, Teachers Guide for the Development of Learning Programs (DoE 2003) describes inclusivity as an underlying principle of the curriculum and explain how barriers to learning should be identified and addressed in the design of learning programs in the various learning areas. These documents are evidence that inclusion is conceived as part of ordinary education in South Africa and teachers are expected to plan teaching and learning in such a way that fosters access and participation. However, even these years of South Africa, move towards inclusion has been noted and teachers. Conclusion In as far as inclusion is concerned of the South African experience must inform the understanding of inclusion that is practical and applicable locally. Inclusion has been shown to rest on values, attitudes and beliefs about society, schools and learners. It is given direction by policies and legislation. In practice inclusion is restructuring schools and providing support to learners through different strategies that facilitate access and participation. A significant challenge faced by South Africa in the implementation of inclusion seems to be the training of teachers in the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes required for successful inclusion.

Ethics and Social Responsibilities in Management :: Ethical Standards Management Essays

Ethics and Social Responsibilities in Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethics can be defined as a process of evaluating actions according to moral principal of values(A.Alhemoud). Throughout the centuries people were trying to choose between profit and moral. Perhaps, some of them obtain both, but every time it could have roused ethical issues. Those issues concern fairness, justice, rightness or wrongness; as a result it can only be resolved according to ethical standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting the ethical standards for the way of doing business in corporation is primarily task of management. Corporations have to maintain the same standards as an individual person and, in addition, corporations, as organizational units, have their own social responsibilities toward customers, employees and society. However, any business should keep it's original purpose of functioning - making profit. Balancing the traditional standards of profitability and burden of social responsibilities is not an easy task. In recent years it has been a trend of setting standards of corporate ethics according to high degree of morale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To be able to keep the ethical standards management must follow the law. However, there are some complications in enforcing it. The law affects and is affected by social forces and prevailing ethical standards. "Although the law can codify societies ethical ____________________________________________________ ____________________ Alhemoud, Ali " Management Ethics is Smart Business." values, ethical decision making transcends the law in that 1) the law deals with actions not with thoughts, and therefore it does not (and cannot) codify all ethical requirements; and 2) an individual or a group may perceive a given law as immoral, not as a guide to ethical behavior." ( A. Alhemoud). How, then, a company can ensure that its code of ethics is both followed and enforced ? " . ..Defense firm such as General Dynamics and TRW, and an information company, Dun & Broadstreet, have appointed internal ethics officers or ombudsmen. Whether employees have faith in these safeguards against corporate retaliation is hard to tell, though it is one step forward (The Economist August 19 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ethical codes of corporations that that get so important nowadays also did not come into being at once. They emerged from individual ethical standards and corporate consciousness. Moreover, the public demand for prosecution of any violations of corporate, professional and business ethics has been increased. Finally, mass media made possible for society reveal secrets that were kept from public before. So, the business conduct regulations were created to "draft guidelines for ethical conduct, develop a process for monitoring business practices and recommend ways to correct questionable activities." (J.Byrne) All these measures were taken to balance various social responsibilities with the high degree of moral and sense of attainment.

What is steaming (food)?

Steaming is a cooking method that uses the steam from water under varying degrees of pressure. Low pressure cooking is food cooked either direct contact with the steam or an indirect contact. High pressure steaming, on the other hand is done when steam is not allowed to escape the cooking equipment that increases the temperature and pressure build-up that reduces cooking time. 2. What is a bamboo steamer?A bamboo steamer is a round wooden cookware made from bamboo with a lattice for a bottom and a snug top. It is placed on a wok or a pan with water and the food is cooked inside the bamboo steamer. It can also be stacked on top of one another to enable food to be cooked simultaneously. The holes under the bamboo steamer are what cook the food inside of it in low pressure cooking. 3. Brief history of bamboo steam in Asia? The first bamboo steamer was developed in China where ovens are not a common sight.In Asian cuisine, as opposed to Western cuisine, rice, not bread is their staple, a nd therefore, the idea of using an oven is not a common one. As a substitute, to be able to cook their breads, they developed the steamer which is commonly used in cooking steamed cakes such as the siopao. 4. Healthy and Efficient Advantages of steamed food with a Bamboo Steamer As already stated earlier, the bamboo steamer can be stacked on top of one another making cooking large amounts of food more quickly to accomplish.It is also designed to fit in any wok and could also fit in pans so no special equipment is needed to use them. The bamboo also helps to absorb excess moisture to keep the food from becoming soggy and retains heat. Health benefits of cooking with a bamboo steamer include being able to cook the food without using any sort of fat, oils, or butter, retaining its healthy properties and appears fresh and vibrant, and its naturally antibacterial properties. 5.How to care for your bamboo steamer? In cleaning the bamboo steamer, mild soap should be used along with warm wa ter to prevent any damages. After washing, the bamboo steamer should be thoroughly drained and dried before it is put away to prevent molds from accumulating. Also, bamboo steamers should never be put in the dishwasher and as much as possible, direct food to steamer contact should be avoided (this can be done with the use of parchment paper or lettuce).Removing food bits that get stuck to the steamer should be removed with a nylon scrubber 6. Other uses for bamboo steamer (favor box, centerpiece†¦)? Uses for the bamboo steamer include: †¢ Centerpiece †¢ Dim Sum and Food Steaming †¢ Tamales †¢ Pie Carrier †¢ Gift Box †¢ Wedding Favors †¢ Heating food †¢ Steam-Dye Fabrics †¢ Pet Treat Basket †¢ Food Basket Reference: http://www. gourmetsleuth. com/Articles/Unique-Cooking-Tools-641/bamboo-steamer. aspx http://www. wisegeek. com/what-are-bamboo-steamers. htm

The Great Depression and the US Economy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 464 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The Great Depression had an impact on the entire world, especially the US, from 1929 to the early 1940s. One of the most influential causes of the US economy crash was the Great Depression, which was created from people making big purchases with installments, overproduction, and marginal buying. 1st Body Paragraph In the 1920s, many people went on a shopping frenzy and began to make big purchases on things like furniture and radios, but they didnt have the money at the time so they purchased it with installments. As can be seen in Document 1, 60% of all automobiles and furniture were bought with installments. When something is bought with installments the bank had to spot the rest, which means that the bank had less money until the customer paid the rest of the price. This all contributed to the banks shutting down when people wanted to withdraw their money and couldnt, which led to the economy crash. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Great Depression and the US Economy" essay for you Create order 2nd Body Paragraph Farmers and factories, in the 1920s, were producing too many goods and people couldnt afford to purchase all of them. As a direct result of this, prices dropped and less workers were needed. As people were laid off, more people had no income which meant they couldnt buy goods which meant goods werent being bought etc. It was the beginning of a vicious cycle that led to the Great Depression. Document 3. Document 2, shows that the minimum income necessary to meet the basic needs of the average American family was $2,000. However, in 1929, less than 40% of the US population had an income of at least $2,000. This is the direct result of overproduction because without a job, many families had little income. On top of having produced too many goods and not being able to sell them in the US, they didnt have much luck being able to sell it to countries either. The reason behind this is because Congress became greedy and decided to step up tariff rates higher and higher despite warnings from American economists. Document 5. 3rd Body Paragraph In the 1920s many people began to purchase stock, however, they didnt always have enough money to pay for the stock at the moment. So they purchased it on margin, this meant that the investor only had to pay a fraction of the price and the additional money would be supplied by the broker. Unfortunately, the investor usually did not have enough money to pay the remainder, especially if there was a decrease in security values, and then the downward spiral was set into motion and there was no apparent way to stop it. Document 4. Conclusion The Great Depression heavily impacted the US economy in such a way that caused it to crash, this can be blamed on making big purchases with installments, overproduction, and marginal buying.

Can Sugar Help Lower The Freezing Point Of Water

Can sugar help lower the freezing point of water? Each year 17 million tons of salt is applied by state agencies to US roads across the nation helping people navigate otherwise treacherous roads. With the good also comes the bad which is the corrosion or oxidation caused by the natural attraction of water to salt. Salt makes water act as a catalyst by speeding up corrosion on millions of vehicles around the world. Can it be possible to use a less corrosive additive such as sugar to lower the freezing point of water? Problem: Can sugar help lower the freezing point of water? Relevance: Sugar is an additive and should have an effect on the freezing point of water. Other experiments, by university students and US states, have been conducted to find additives that may lower the freezing point of water. The students and US states conducted tests using sugar and different types of salt. Overall, salt performs better in reducing the freezing point of water. Sugar also lowers the freezing point of water but not as low as salt does. An article on brighthub.com states that adding any additive to water will help lower the freezing point because the new solution is no longer pure water. Another study found that when ice cubes are sprinkled with salt, sugar, and sand the ice cubes sprinkled with salt melt fastest followed by sugar. Steps: For this experiment, the same amount of salt and sugar will be dissolved into the same amount of boiling tap water. Then the solutions are placedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Science Fair Project Example1340 Words   |  6 PagesHow do different liquids and solids affect the boiling and freezing point of water? Name 02/12/12 ABSTRACT There are many different substances that affect the freezing and boiling points of water. This experiment was designed to test the effects of five liquid and five solid substances/mixtures on the freezing and boiling points of water. 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Ted Bundy - 1633 Words

Ted Bundy Marel Respress Columbia College Professor Judith Revels Criminology SOCI 321 Abstract This research paper will explore the life of a serial killer named Ted Bundy. We will look at the cause and effects of him becoming a serial killer. We will also discuss the different criminology theories behind Ted Bundy’s actions. Based on what was discovered in the research no one theory can explain the action of Ted Bundy as a serial killer. The remainder of the paper is laid out as follows: biography of Ted Bundy, introduction, discussion of crimes and theories, and the conclusion. Biography of Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Cowell later known as Ted Bundy was the son of Eleanor Louise Cowell; his father†¦show more content†¦No one thought to imagine that behind this entire exterior was a serial killer waiting to surface According to the text the rational choice theory is the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act. Evaluating Ted Bundy according to the rational choice theory, he knew what he was doing weighed his options, picked how he would attack kill and rape his victims. He meticulously sought out his victims. Typically Bundy would bludgeon his victims, strangle them to death then rape them or engage in necrophilia. According to this theory he fully planned out each attack knowing that it was wrong, illegal, and immoral. There are multiple forms of the capital punishment depending upon which state you live in. In Tennessee if sentenced to the death penalty you would face either lethal injection or electrocution (deathpenaltyinfo.org). My stance on the death penalty is a pro view. I believe that if you commit a crime so heinous, such as murder, and it is proved beyond a reasonable doubt you should in fact be sentenced to death. There is no reason to put murders back on the streets. I don’t think that a person that kills someone in self defense should beShow MoreRelatedTed Bundy2445 Words   |  10 PagesTed Bundy’s early childhood wasn’t any more problem than the average kids. Ted was a good kid, born in November 24, 1946 at the Elizabeth Lund Home For Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont. Bundy grew up in Philadelphia the home of his grandparents, he grew to believe his biological mother was his sister and his grandparents were his parents. His early school years weren’t easy; he was bullied and made fun of. The author of the book Ted Bund: Conversations with a killer analyzed Ted’s behavior andRead MoreTed Bundy Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Theodore Robert Cowell, better known as Ted Bundy is one of the most well-known serial killers of the 20th century. Bundy took advantage of his good looks and charming personality to lure countless women. His regime began in Seattle, Washington in1974, until his arrest in 1978. The estimated murder count was from 30-100 victims. However, the final number is unknown until today. Childhood Ted Bundy was born at the Elizabeth Lung Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont to a woman namedRead MoreTed Bundy : A Case3268 Words   |  14 PagesTed Bundy was a young rising politician, a crisis hotline volunteer, a law student, and the charming boy next door. He was also a deranged sociopath, a cannibal, and was suspected of murdering 100 women in the 20th century. As Ted Bundy put it, â€Å"I’m the most cold-blooded son of a bitch that you’ll ever meet.† (Pulditor, p.24) Theodore Robert Cowell, or Ted Bundy, was born on November 24, 1946 in the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Vermont to Louise Cowell. Louise moved shortly after hisRead MoreEssay On Ted Bundy1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe main purpose of this defense essay is to understand what drove Theodore Robert Bundy to commit the crimes he is accused of. After reading and listening to interviews with Ted Bundy and reading expert opinion, it is my conclusion Bundy knew his actions were wrong but the impulse overrode reasoning. The defense, the M’Naghten Rule – irresistible impulse defense would fit the Bundy crimes of murder and rape of young women. The craving and increasing desire to live out the murder and rape fantasyRead MoreThe Murder Of Ted Bundy960 Words   |  4 PagesI am going to tell you about the life of Theodore Robert Bundy, better known as Ted Bundy. I will explain why he started to commit these murders, and the stories of the few victims that survived. Y ou will read how he committed these murders, and what he did with the victims. You will learn about how he got away with escaping prison twice. Ted Bundy was sentenced to death after confessing to thirty-six murders. He started committing these murders when he was around eighteen years old. He continuedRead More Ted Bundy Essay2045 Words   |  9 Pagesborn a murderer is false. No one is born a murderer; society gives birth to that murderer. In Ted Bundys case the lack of parental guidance and constant rejection of women contributed to him evolving into a vicious serial killer. Bundy was a man who let his fantasies run his life, he believed that life was a game. All this contributed to making Bundy revengeful, bitter, and not quite mentally stable. Bundy took countless numbers of young female lives in the 70s. This man seemed to have a highly unstableRead MoreThe Murder Of Ted Bundy1772 Words   |  8 Pagesmurdering innocent people but there is one in particular who made an impac t in society, Ted Bundy. This man known for his good looks and charm with young women is what helped him to murder all these woman’s and have gone away with it for a several time. This happened during the 1970’s, Ted Bundy did not live an ordinary life and this is probable reason as to why he led a life of murderous crimes with women. Ted Bundy was born November 24, 1946 he did not have a normal life he was raised by his grandparentsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ted Bundy2429 Words   |  10 Pagesnotoriously known as Ted Bundy, was born in Burlington, Vermont on November 24, 1946. Bundy was raised by his grandparents for the first three years of his life in order to avoid public disgrace from their community due to the fact that Bundy’s mother had him out of wedlock. As a young boy, Bundy was under the notion, along with the community around him, that his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his older sister. At the age of four, his mother left with Bundy to live in PhiladelphiaRead MoreTed Bundy Essay example1410 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy Throughout history, criminal investigators have encountered different forms of serial killers. One of the many famous serial killers in the twentieth century was Theodore Robert Bundy (Ted Bundy). Ted Bundy was responsible for the Chi Omega killings and many more. When people think of serial killers, they visualize some dirty, crazy, looking individual that would stand out from everybody else. In Teds case this was different. Ted Bundy was a very smart individual who had attended collegeRead MoreThe Serial Killers : Ted Bundy1438 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy, also known as the campus killer, is one of the United States top known serial killers. This twisted man assaulted and murdered many young girls during the 1970s. Bundy captured his victims by his charismatic and handsome and would win their trust by traits he had. He would act injured or as an authority figure before he murdered and assaulted his victims. After the girls died, Bundy would visit the bodies’ hours later and do sexual things to the corpse until animals would finish the girl

Business Plan for McDonalds Food Chain - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Plan for McDonalds Food Chain. Answer: Business Details McDonalds is the famous destination for a huge customer base every day and making it one of the biggest fast food chain all over the world. Now, the company is considered as a leading fast food organization in terms of restaurants and revenues and profits. Currently, it has 36900 stores in more than 100 nations and provided employment to 385000 employees all over the world. It is headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, but it has its operations span from USA to Europe to Middle East and then to Pacific Region (McDonalds, 2012). The stores of McDonalds serve with a standardized menu with the food products such as; burgers, soft drinks, milkshakes, salads, cookies, cheeseburgers, French fries, shakes, coffee, flavored tea, chicken etc. In addition to this, the company offers breakfast items especially in United States and other global markets. Breakfast offerings include biscuits, muffins, hotcakes, bagel sandwiches etc. There are some brands, under which this company is marketing its pr oducts, like; McFlurry, Big Mac, Big NTasty, McNuggets, McMuffin etc. Industry and Market Analysis Industry and market analysis is a method for evaluating the companys current position in prospective industry and market. It assists in understanding the competition and about the major competitors in the market. Competitors are the major component, which are accountable for growth or failure of business. According to previous report, international fast food industry has reached to a value of $103 billion that has grown by 5%. There are various players including McDonalds, which are performing very well in the industry (Armstrong, et al, 2015). In the fast food industry, McDonalds is facing intense competition from some other leading players, like; KFC, Burger King, etc. However, McDonalds is listed as leading fast food chain, but still these competitors are affecting its business with innovative ideas. Burger King is one of the major competitors, which are offering the products, like; burger, salads, shakes etc. Tough the company is still a market leader with the potential of compet itors growing the competition looks very much intense. These competitors in the fast food industry are making efforts to increase their revenues and sales by focusing on health concerns, as people are becoming more health conscious. To compete with the players, the company is using franchise model, which offers the scope for the expansion and development for this business entity (McDonalds, 2010). Customers and Value Proposition Customer value proposition is the statement, which is prepared by an organization, when it introduces its new products and services. It states that why the customers should prefer to buy the products of this particular company. Primarily, it targets the customers rather than employees and other stakeholders. McDonalds is very famous for its customer value proposition. Under its business, the company is targeting the people, who love to eat outside their home (Baker, 2014). Under this expansion, the value proposition of McDonalds will include most convenient locations, efficient and fast service, comfortable seats and in-store amenities, a variety of fast food products, effective value offering and pricing etc. In addition to this, the company is making focus on offering the food products with the constant quality, which is served very fast and consistently all over the world. It is preparing the food by targeting the people of all age groups. This value proposition of company will en tice a number of diverse target markets. Thus, by this value proposition, this company has various advantages over its major rivals, such as; facilities, locations, fast services and diverse product range (Bauer, 2012). Marketing Strategy When a company introduces a new business or new franchise, it needs to formulate new marketing strategies, so that it can reach to its potential customers. These marketing strategies can be developed under marketing mix tool, which includes 4 Ps of marketing. McDonalds will also use this tool to develop its strategies (Bhasin, 2016). The marketing mix for McDonalds is stated below; Product Predominantly, McDonalds sells hamburgers and soft-drinks, which forms its standardized menu all over the world. In addition, the company offers different types of chicken products and other products, like; French fries, breakfast items and desserts. It provides diverse range of products within limited promotional durations. This element of marketing mix shows that McDonalds continuously tries to innovate its products to appeal more customers. Price The pricing strategy of McDonalds includes the price bundling united with the emotional pricing. Under this process, the organization provides the meals and other product combos for discount. Under this pricing strategy, McDonalds offers prices, which appear to be critically more affordable. This component of McDonalds marketing mix includes the significance of price bundling to boost the customers to purchase the products of McDonalds (David, David, David, 2016). Place The restaurants of McDonalds are the most noticeable places, where the products and services of the company are distributed. This component of marketing mix tool demonstrates the locations and venues, where the company can offer its fast food products. There primary places of McDonalds for distribution of products are, such as; kiosks, restaurants, mobile app of the company and website of other food delivery firms. People can order their desired products through its McDonalds website, Postmates website and application. Promotion This company is engaged in promotion and advertising process for attracting more customers. The component of the marketing mix describes the methods, which are used to interact with the customers. There are different strategies, which are used by McDonalds for promoting its products, like; advertising, sales promotion, and public relations and direct selling of the products. It is primarily engaged in the direct selling to events, like; local government events, corporate clientele, community events and parties (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). Thus, these marketing strategies of the company are assisting it in attracting the customers and increasing its all over customer base. It will help the organization in generating more revenues under competitive scenario. Operations Plan In order to expand its business operations, McDonalds will create an operations plan under its business plan. This operation plan will includes all the operations strategies and processes, which will support its overall objectives. The operations management of this company will assist its position as one of the largest fast food chain in the world. There are some areas, which need to be considered in formulating its operation plan. These operation practices are stated below; Product Designing The major goal of McDonalds in this area is to offer affordable products. The prices and serving size of products are done on the basis of needs and expectations of customers. However, some of the products of this company are reduced in the size to make more affordable for all the people (Kenawy, 2015). Quality Management McDonalds aims to enhance the quality of products with components, like; price limits and costs. It implements a production line approach for maintaining the consistent quality of products. Quality consistency fulfills the expectations of customers about this company and its brand under quality management. Location Decision Under this aspect of operations management, the major objective of the company is to choose a strategic location, so maximum people can reach to its products and services. The above-mentioned marketing mix of the company includes kiosks, outlets and websites as venues. Via these strategic locations, the company reaches to its customers in modernized and traditional ways (Kotlar Armstrong, 2012). Human Resources Human Resource Management of McDonalds is also an important part of operations management. The company will use effective HR strategies, which will include the training and development program for improving the skills and abilities needed for production in kitchens and restaurants. Under this area of operation plan, organizational and individual learning are focused to aid the organizational culture of McDonalds (Lam, and Harker, 2015). Supply chain and inventory Management The supply chain of firm aids its different locations all over the globe. This organization will implement a strategy of diversifying the supply chain for operation management. This type of strategy includes availing more suppliers from different areas to decrease the risks associated with supply chain at McDonalds. Under inventory management, the company has the goal to reduce the inventory costs with aiding the operations in restaurants. It does not sell the ingredients and products directly to the restaurants. In its place, regional and local distributors communicate with the outlet managers of McDonalds to maintain the inventory and stock (New, 2015). Management Team and Company Structure For introducing this new franchise, the company can reform its organizational structure as per its operations and departments. The management team and organizational structure of McDonalds facilitates managing the target markets on the basis of performance levels (Lee, Hallak and Sardeshmukh, 2016). The company is following a hierarchy structure, which includes all the concerned departments that play an important role in McDonalds operations. The diagram, given on next page indicates all the levels of management team at McDonalds and its company structure. There are different levels of management, like top level, middle level and lower level of management. All the levels have their separate roles and responsibilities in the organization. The top level management is liable for the goal setting, decision making, operation management etc. Other departments, like; marketing, finances, sales departments have their own duties and responsibilities for supporting the attainment of final obje ctives of McDonalds (McKeever, 2016). By looking at the above diagram, it can be understood that company has a big management team, which support the organization in delivering effective food services to its potential customers. Resources The resources and capabilities of a company can be considered as its major business strategy. McDonalds possesses various resources, which leads the organization towards growth and success. The resources of the company are stated below; Physical Resources This company possesses a wide range of physical resources, which are used in offering its services to the customers effectively. Its physical resources include the food outlet location that will be in a strategic location, like; mall or any other popular building in the city. It will have the sitting capacity of more than 50 persons. These fast food outlets are equipped with modern and latest storing and cooking utensils and equipment. There is the facility of playing room for the children and other fun activities also (Paul Roy, 2014). Human Resources In the food service organization, human resources play an important role. The major strength of food organization is not the machines, tools or cash flow; rather the employees are the major resources, which make the company more competitive and great. This organization understands that employee satisfaction is very important in attaining the overall objective of organization. It offers an effective training to the employees for their development. Under the hiring process, it selects the employees by considering their motivation level, integrity and educational qualifications (Popov and Roosenboom, 2013). Organizational Resources The leading player in Fast food industry, McDonalds serves as a training and development center, where it makes more focus on day-to-day training between and interaction between managers of all the levels. This training and development program starts with the lower level, like; first the person learns to cook the French fries. This resource of the company offers a foundation for enhancing the discipline, responsibility and organizational and interpersonal skills. They can learn to work in the team (Scarborough, 2015). Financing When an organization introduces its new business operations, then it thinks about raising the funds from different options. Acquiring the franchise of McDonalds can be major investment for the investors. For its business, the company is availing funds from different sources and options. It is working majorly with two banks, i.e. MayBank and CIMB. Both the banks are handling the financing activities for this company inside and outside the nation and offer the short term loans to McDonalds (Untaru Ispas, 2013). In addition, the company is taking funds from U.S. bank, which is giving it various advantages, like; long term loans, i.e. 7 year term, business and financial solutions, fixed and adjustable rates etc. Thus, the company has a well-grown and established business, so there are so many bank and financial institutions, which are ready to invest their funds in the franchise of McDonalds. Financial Projections The major objective of McDonalds is to expand its business operations to international markets. The company is expanding its business by offering variety of fast food products to customers. The financial projections for the company are given below; Start-up Funds For establishing this new franchise, McDonalds will have various start-up costs. These costs include kitchen and fixtures, interior and furniture, legal fees and rent. In addition, it will include the salaries, which will be given to the staff and restaurant employees in the future (West, Ford, Ibrahim, 2015). The below given table includes all the start-up costs, which can be incurred in establishing this new franchise. Start-up Requirements Expenses Amount Fixtures and Kitchen Interior and furniture Legal expenses Rent Contingencies Total Start-up Expenses $35000 $25000 $5000 $15000 $6000 $86000 Start-up Assets Cash Long-term Assets Current Assets $55000 $0 $0 Total Start-up Requirements $1,41,000 Personnel Plans Personnel 1st Year 2nd Year Managers Cook Cashiers Waiters $0 $25000 $40000 $20000 $50000 $50000 $55000 $35000 Total Payroll $85000 $1,80,000 Break Even Analysis After evaluating other businesses, McDonalds has supposed that break even analysis indicates that it will require unit sales over 9700 per month to reach to break-even point. The below-plotted graph shows the break-even analysis for this organization. Projected Profit Loss For introducing this new franchise, McDonalds has made an effective financial plan, which will help the business in attaining its goals and objectives. McDonalds Profit Loss Statement Amount ($) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 A. Sales $289,397 $312,314 $556,226 Direct Cost of Sales $59,519 $113,694 $196,868 B. Total Cost of Sales $59,519 $113,694 $136,868 Gross Profit (A-B) $229,878 $198,620 $359,358 C. Operating Expenses Salary $157,000 $174,000 $190,000 Rent $8,400 $8,400 $8,400 Insurance $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 Utilities $2,200 $2,200 $2,200 Depreciation $636 $636 $636 Payroll taxes $23,550 $26,100 $28,500 Sales and Marketing and Other Expenses $12,800 $10,200 $9,200 D. Total Operating Expenses $208,586 $225,536 $242,936 Profit Before Interest and Taxes $21,292 ($26,916) $116,422 EBITDA $21,928 ($26,280) $117,058 Taxes $20,095 $0 $24,397 Net Profit $1,833 ($26,280) $92,661 Net Profit/Sales 0.63% -8.41% 16.66% Risks and Strategic Options Under this new implementation, McDonalds may face some risks, which may impact the business and growth of the company in fast food industry. There may be different type of risks, like; operational risks, currency risks, brand image risks and legal risks. Operation risk may occur, when there will be labor strikes and protests against the company. The company will need to make changes in its operations, as the people are becoming very much concerned about their health and they prefer to eat healthy and dietary food (Percy, 2014). It may affect the business of company. In addition, the company may face the currency risks, which need to be mitigated by the organization. When the company expands its business operations in international market, it needs to comply with the laws and regulations in that country. It is one of the major challenges for the organization. To deal with the above-mentioned risks, the company will go with some strategic options. These strategic options will assist the organization in eliminating these risks and challenges. To handle the operation risks, the company should diversify its products and introduce a new segment with healthy and dietary food products. For mitigating the currency and financial risks, it can use hedging instruments. Before opening a new franchise, the company should make a market research in the target country market. It will assist the organization in understanding the imposed laws and regulations in new market. Introduction of healthier menu will assist McDonalds in fulfilling the demands and expectations of people of healthy food products (Yu, et al, 2016). Key Milestones During the setup of this new franchise of McDonalds, the management team will conduct the planning and execution in building its outlets. The implementation of this business plan will include different key milestones. It will take some months along with the refinement and revision process, which will take a period before establishing this franchise (Percy, 2014). The key milestones for the organization are given in the below table; Activity Starting date End Date Manager Concerned Department Business plan formation 1/1/2018 1/4/2018 Marketing Manager Marketing Department Office set up 1/4/2018 1/7/2018 - Owners Website Creation 1/7/2018 1/10/2018 Managers Information Technology department Hiring of the people 1/10/2018 1/12/2018 Personnel manager Personnel Department Marketing Communication Program 1/1/2019 1/3/2019 Marketing Manager Marketing Department Grand Opening Materials 1/3/2019 1/4/2019 Owners Material planning department Training the staff 1/5/2019 1/6/2019 Human Resource executives Human Resource Department Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that McDonalds can use this business plan for establishing its new franchise in the country. The report describes all the related aspects, which are needed to introduce new business and new business operations under existing organization. The company needs to include various marketing strategies, which can be used for attracting the customers towards its products and services. It is a fast food organization, so it needs various resources, which can assist the organization in implementing its operations. The company should go ahead with this business plan to deal with all the risks and challenges in the future. It can implement different strategic options to mitigate the associated risks and challenges. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Bhasin, H., 2016, Marketing Mix of McDonalds, retrieved from https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-mix-mcdonalds/ Bauer, C., 2012, An integrated decision model for strategic evaluation of the viability of new technologies, GRIN Verlag. David, M.E., David, F.R. 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McDonalds, 2010, About McDonalds. Retrieved from https://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd. McKeever, M., 2016.How to write a business plan. Nolo Publications. New, S., 2015, McDonalds and the challenges of a modern supply chain.Harvard Business Review. Paul, R., Roy, S. K., 2014, Case Study 11: Marketing of Services: The McDonalds Way. InMarketing Cases from Emerging Markets(pp. 99-112). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Percy, L, 2014, Strategic Integrated Marketing Communications. Routledge Publications. Popov, A. and Roosenboom, P., 2013. Venture capital and new business creation.Journal of banking finance,37(12), pp.4695-4710. Scarborough, N.M., 2015.Entrepreneurship and effective small business management. Pearson Higher Ed. Untaru, E., Ispas, A., 2013, Why do young people prefer fast-food restaurants? An exploratory study: Journal of Tourism, (15), 27-34. West, D. C., Ford, J., Ibrahim, E, 2015, Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA. Yu, Y., Wang, X., Zhong, R.Y. and Huang, G.Q., 2016. E-commerce logistics in supply chain management: Practice perspective.Procedia CIRP,52, pp.179-185.